Genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships of commercial populations of Bombus ignitus (Hymenoptera, Apidae) with wild populations in Eastern Asia

The bumblebee, Bombus ignitus (Hymenoptera, Apidae), plays a vital role in pollination Northeast Asia, including Korea, China, Japan, and Far East Russia. Understanding the genetic makeup of population can aid its conservation. This study explores DNA barcode region cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) B. commercial populations from Korea Japan. results reveal low intraspecific diversity among commercially reared populations, with maximum sequence divergence 0.3%. Analysis 458-bp COI gene, 384 previously reported sequences, identified 20 haplotypes highest 2.01% Asia. Commercial show similarity primarily Japanese population. Cross-mating native could result competition contamination, leading to reduced fitness sensitivity future environmental conditions. Morphological similarities make monitoring such effects challenging. provides basis for further research on studies, conservation, commercialization local better services while minimizing risks reducing increasing between introduced populations.